%%% Make all changes here %%% \documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article} \pdfminorversion=6 \usepackage[top=1.0in, bottom=1in, left=1in, right=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{setspace} \usepackage{rotating} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[colorlinks,citecolor=black,linkcolor=black,urlcolor=blue]{hyperref} \usepackage{xcolor} \usepackage[final]{pdfpages} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{threeparttable} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[active]{srcltx} \usepackage{amstext} \usepackage{natbib} \usepackage{lscape} \usepackage[titletoc]{appendix} \usepackage[justification=centering]{caption} \usepackage{soul} \newcommand{\comment}[1]{} \interfootnotelinepenalty=10000 \tolerance=20000 \begin{document} \thispagestyle{empty} { % set font to helvetica (arial) to make it 508-compliant \fontfamily{phv}\selectfont \begin{center} {\LARGE \textbf{The International Trade and Production}} \\ \vspace{0.25in} {\LARGE \textbf{Database for Estimation - Release 2025}} \\ \vspace{0.25in} {\LARGE \textbf{(ITPD-E-R2025)}} \\ \vspace{1in} {\Large Mario Larch} \\\vspace{.25in} {\Large Serge Shikher} \\\vspace{.25in} {\Large Yoto V. Yotov} \vspace{1in} {\large ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES}\\ {Working Paper 2026--08--A} \\ \vspace{0.5in} U.S. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION \\ 500 E Street SW \\ Washington, DC 20436 \\ \vspace{0.5in} August 2025 \\ \end{center} \vfill %\noindent Optional: Acknowledgements, thanks, etc.\\ \vspace{1em} \noindent Office of Economics working papers are the result of ongoing professional research of USITC Staff and are solely meant to represent the opinions and professional research of individual authors. These papers are not meant to represent in any way the views of the U.S.\ International Trade Commission or any of its individual Commissioners. \newpage \thispagestyle{empty} % remove headers, footers, and page numbers from cover page \begin{flushleft} The International Trade and Production Database for Estimation - Release 2025 (ITPD-E-R2025) \\ Mario Larch, Serge Shikher, and Yoto V. Yotov \\ {Economics Working Paper 2026--08--A}\\ {August 2026} \\~\\ \end{flushleft} \vfill \begin{abstract} \noindent This paper introduces Release 2025 of the International Trade and Production Database for Estimation (ITPD-E-R2025). ITPD-E-R2025 covers the period 1986--2023 for 266 countries and 170 industries across four broad sectors: Agriculture, Mining and Energy, Manufacturing, and Services. The previous release was Release 03. Starting with this release, releases will be identified by their release year rather than release number. The new release introduces a new methodology for mirroring trade data for Forestry, Fishing, Mining and Energy, and Manufacturing, which results in more observations. The new release also includes an additional year of data. It has 87.5 million observations, compared to 83.5 million observations in Release 03, 72.5 million observations in Release 02, and 35.8 million in the original release. ITPD-E-R2025 can be downloaded for free from the USITC's Gravity Portal at \href{https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/itpde.htm}{https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/itpde.htm}. \end{abstract} \vfill \begin{flushleft} Mario Larch\\ University of Bayreuth, CEPII, ifo, CESifo, WIFO, GEP \\ \vspace{2em} Serge Shikher\\ Research Division, Office of Economics\\ U.S. International Trade Commission\\ gravity@usitc.gov \\ \vspace{2em} Yoto V. Yotov\\ Drexel University, CGPA, ifo, CESifo\\ \end{flushleft} } % end of helvetica (arial) font \clearpage \newpage \clearpage \doublespacing \noindent \underline{Please cite the following two papers} if you use Release 2025 of the database: \begin{itemize} \item Larch, Mario \& Shikher, Serge \& Yotov, Yoto V., 2025. \emph{``The International Trade and Production Database for Estimation - Release 2025 (ITPD-E-R2025),''} USITC Working Paper 2026--08--A. \item Borchert, Ingo \& Larch, Mario \& Shikher, Serge \& Yotov, Yoto V., 2021. \emph{``The International Trade and Production Database for Estimation (ITPD-E),''} International Economics, Elsevier, vol.\ 166, pages 140--166. \end{itemize} \nocite{Borchertetal2022a} \noindent If you believe to have discovered a mistake in the database or that the database can be improved by incorporating additional or more reliable data, even if only for an individual country or industry, please let us know by writing to the USITC's gravity portal e-mail address (\texttt{gravity@usitc.gov}). We will try to accommodate detection of errors, inconsistencies, and suggestions as soon as possible. Please visit \href{https://gravity.usitc.gov}{USITC's gravity portal} for updates.\\\quad\\\vspace{-1cm} \noindent \textbf{Acknowledgments.} Our team is grateful for the research support and encouragement that we have received from the United States International Trade Commission. The USITC is not in any way responsible for any errors in the ITPD-E. \clearpage \setcounter{page}{1} \clearpage \doublespacing \section{Overview and Key Features} Our objective with the original release of ITPD-E was to create a database that had the following features: (i) consistently constructed international and domestic trade flows based on official data; (ii) detailed industry level; (iii) wide country coverage; (iv) long time-series coverage; and (v) comprehensive coverage of all broad sectors, i.e.,\ full economy coverage. Therefore, in 2020, we released the \emph{International Trade and Production Database for Estimation (ITPD-E)} \citep{Borchertetal2021}, which covered 243 countries, 170 industries, and 17 years (2000-2016). A key feature of the ITPD-E is that it is constructed using reported official data and intentionally does not estimate any data points by statistical techniques. Therefore, it is suitable for estimations. For example, it can be used for theory-consistent disaggregated gravity estimations with international and domestic trade flows \citep{Borchertetal2022}. Since its introduction, the ITPD-E has been a popular public good. Based on the number and distribution of downloads of the data, we conclude that the ITPD-E has been a useful resource for many scholars, researchers, and policy makers. In addition, we continue to receive many requests to update the database. Therefore, we release the fourth update to the ITPD-E. The previous release was R03. Starting with this release, releases will be identified by their release year rather than release number. Hence, the current release is labeled ITPD-E-R2025. The objective of this paper is to describe ITPD-E-R2025 and to compare it with its predecessor (ITPD-E-R03), while highlighting the key features and improvements in the updated database. The current release of the ITPD-E includes 87,537,140 observations and covers the period 1986-2023 for 266 countries and 170 industries. The complete list of the industries covered in ITPD-E-R2025 is included in Table \ref{ITPD-E_sectors}. Similar to ITPD-E releases 1--3, the disaggregated industries in ITPD-E-R2025 can be classified in 4 broad sectors: \emph{`Agriculture'}, \emph{`Mining \& Energy'}, \emph{`Manufacturing'}, and \emph{`Services'}. The industrial classification in ITPD-E-R2025 is unchanged from ITPD-E-R03.\footnote{A reminder that the industrial classification had changed slightly between R01 and R02. Specifically, two industries were removed from manufacturing and two were added to agriculture. See \cite{Borchertetal2022a} for more information.} Different broad sectors have different starting dates for coverage. Specifically, the \emph{`Agriculture'} sector in the ITPD-E-R2025 covers the period 1986-2023 for industries 1 to 26, and the period 1988-2023 for industries 27 and 28 (\emph{`Forestry'} and \emph{`Fishing'}). The \emph{`Mining \& Energy'} sector in ITPD-E-R2025 covers the period 1988-2023 and includes 7 industries. The \emph{`Manufacturing'} sector in ITPD-E-R2025 covers the same period (1988-2023) and includes 118 industries. Finally, the \emph{`Services'} sector in ITPD-E-R2025 covers the period 2000-2023 and includes 17 industries. In addition to the standard ISO3 country codes, Release 2025, as already Release 3, of the ITPD-E identifies countries by dynamic country codes, consistent with the USITC's Dynamic Gravity Dataset (DGD) \citep{USITCGravity}. The dynamic country codes are equal to the standard ISO3 codes, except in cases where a country or territory changed its geographic boundaries, but retained its ISO3 code. In those cases, a new dynamic country code, a modified ISO3 code, is assigned.\footnote{For example, after unification of West and East Germany, the unified Germany retained the ISO3 code of West Germany, DEU. To keep track of this change in boundaries, DGD assigns the dynamic country code DEU.X to West Germany while reserving DEU for (unified) Germany.} The complete list of the countries covered in ITPD-E-R2025 is included in Table \ref{ITPD-E_countries}. ITPD-E-R2025 covers 266 countries when unique dynamic ISO3 country codes are counted or 257 countries when unique static ISO3 country codes are counted.\footnote{There are two cases, Romania in 2002 and The Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998, when dynamic country codes changed even though country boundaries did not. See \citet{USITCGravity} for more details. Also, there are two countries, Cambodia and Samoa, that changed names, but not boundaries, ISO3 codes, or dynamic country codes.} The following is a brief summary of the highlights of ITPD-E-R2025 relative to the previous releases of the ITPD-E: \begin{itemize} \item \emph{\textbf{New naming convention for releases.}} ITPD-E releases are now named after the year in which they are made. Therefore, the current release is 2025. We hope that this naming convention would make it easier to find the latest release of the ITPD-E and to know the `age' of each release. \item \emph{\textbf{Data for recent years.}} Data for all sectors are extended from 2019 to 2023 in ITPD-E-R2025. \item \emph{\textbf{More observations.}} The total number of observations in ITPD-E-R2025 is 87,537,140, which is 5\% more relative to ITPD-E-R03, which had 83,503,326 observations, 21\% more relative to ITPD-E-R02, which had 72,534,869 observations, and 127\% more than ITPD-E-R01, which had 38,518,253 observations. \item \emph{\textbf{Improved identification of problematic data points.}} Following the introduction of this step in ITPD-E-R03, administrative data are checked for anomalies. For example, in the original Comtrade data, there are instances where a country reports the same export or import value for all trade partners within the same year and product category. We did not use these observations. The problematic observations are now deleted in the early stages of data processing, so that they could be replaced by mirror data using our new mirroring procedure. \item \emph{\textbf{New mirroring procedure in Forestry and Fishing, Mining and Energy, and Manufacturing broad sectors.}} Trade data is now mirrored at the HS product level rather than ITPD industry level in these broad sectors. As discussed in Sections \ref{sec_methods_data} and \ref{sec_comparison}, the new mirroring procedure, in combination with the updated procedure for identification of problematic data points, results in more observations. The new procedure also results in greater, and we hope more accurate, trade values for some observations. \end{itemize} \noindent The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{sec_access} describes the variables and format of the ITPD-E-R2025 and how to download the database. Section \ref{sec_methods_data} summarizes the methods used to construct the data and the administrative data sources. Section \ref{sec_comparison} compares ITPD-E-R2025 with the previous release, ITPD-E-R03, across several dimensions. \section{File Format, Access, and Variables \label{sec_access}} The ITPD-E databases are distributed as a comma-separated file, ITPD\_E\_RYEAR.csv, where ``YEAR'' is the release year. All releases are available for free download at \href{https://gravity.usitc.gov}{https://gravity.usitc.gov}. The following is a brief description of the main categories of variables in the database, and all variables are included in Table \ref{tab:file_columns}: \begin{itemize} \item The country identifiers on the exporter and importer side, respectively, include ISO 3-letter alpha codes (`exporter\_iso3' and `importer\_iso3') and the corresponding country names (`exporter\_name' and `importer\_name'). In addition, ITPD-E-R2025 includes corresponding dynamic country identifiers (`exporter\_iso3\_dynamic' and `importer\_iso3\_dynamic') that keep track of countries that alter their borders but do not receive a new ISO3 code. By design, the country coding in ITPD-E-R2025 is consistent with the country coding in the USITC's \emph{``Dynamic Gravity Database''} (DGD) of\ \cite{USITCGravity}, which includes a series of useful bilateral and country-specific geography and economic variables and is especially suited for gravity estimations. \item The industry identifiers include industry codes and corresponding industry descriptions (`industry\_id' and `industry\_descr', respectively). While the industrial classification is specific to ITPD-E, Tables \ref{tab:ITPD-E_class_ag}-\ref{tab:ITPD-E_class_services} of this document include concordances that can be used to match ITPD-E with other databases. Finally, the broad sectors in ITPD-E-R2025 are described in the variable `broad\_sector'.\footnote{Note that the sector ``Mining and Energy'' was called ``Mining\_energy'' in Release 1.} \item The key variable in ITPD-E-R2025 is `trade'. Its values are expressed in millions of current United States dollars and include international and domestic trade. Trade is \emph{international} when the export and the import countries are different. Trade is \emph{domestic} when the importer and the exporter are the same country. \item Finally, ITPD-E-R2025 includes two flag variables. As explained in Section \ref{sec_methods}, `flag\_mirror' is an indicator variable that is greater than 0 for observations that are obtained using the mirror trade data, while `flag\_zero' shows whether the current observation contains zero or positive trade and, in case of zero, the origin of the zero. \end{itemize} \section{Methods and Sources \label{sec_methods_data}} In terms of methods and official data sources, we closely follow the steps and procedures used to construct the previous versions of the ITPD-E. The main methodological change in this release is the way we mirror trade data for Forestry, Fishing, Mining and Energy, and Manufacturing. \subsection{Methods \label{sec_methods}} To construct ITPD-E-R2025, we follow the methods that we used to construct the original version of the data. As noted above, the main difference is that we mirror trade data for Forestry, Fishing, Mining and Energy, and Manufacturing at the HS6 level of aggregation (as opposed to the ITPD-E level of aggregation from the previous releases). We take the following steps to construct ITPD-E-R2025. \begin{itemize} \item \emph{Construct international trade.} To take full advantage of all reported international trade data, we use a mirroring procedure. In our mirroring procedure for goods, we use exports reported by partner countries to fill in missing values for the corresponding import values. This is done for two reasons. First, from a practical perspective, import goods data are considered more reliable. Second, from a theory perspective, imports, which are reported CIF, are the theory-consistent trade variable. An important change in ITPD-E-R2025 is that we mirror the data in Forestry, Fishing, Mining and Energy, and Manufacturing at the most disaggregated level (HS6), while before it was mirrored at the ITPD-E industry level. Note that for the remaining agricultural industries and for services, the mirroring already happened at the most disaggregated level in earlier releases. For services, we use reported imports to fill in missing values of exports. The main reason for this is that the export services data are more reliable because of the nature of payments for services and the accounting for them. Moreover, much of the services trade is not subject to freight charges and tariffs. To denote mirrored cases, the ITPD-E-R2025 includes a flag variable named $flag\_mirror$, which is an indicator that takes a value greater than 1 if a trade flow observation is mirrored, and 0 otherwise. In this release, the value of this variable indicates the number of HS6 products that have mirrored data in a given ITPD industry. \item \emph{Construct domestic trade.} Domestic trade is calculated as the difference between the (gross) value of total production and total exports for each product/industry. Total exports are constructed as the sum of bilateral trade for each exporting country. If we obtain a negative domestic trade value, we do not include this observation in the ITPD-E-R2025. \end{itemize} \noindent For more details on the common principles and steps to construct ITPD-E-R2025, we refer the reader to \cite{Borchertetal2021}. \subsection{Data Sources} The raw/administrative data sources for the first release of the ITPD-E were selected according to the following guiding criteria: (i) they should provide clear documentation; (ii) they should contain data that were not estimated by statistical procedures; and (iii) they are regularly updated. Consistent with our objectives to ensure consistency, continuity, and reproducibility of ITPD-E, for the construction of ITPD-E-R2025, we relied on new versions of the same sources that we employed for the original version of the database. A summary of the administrative data sources across all broad sectors is provided in Table \ref{tab:datasources}. \begin{itemize} \item \emph{Agriculture.} The output and trade for all industries in Agriculture, besides Forestry and Fishing, are from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAOSTAT),\footnote{\href{https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data}{https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data}.} which collects information on an annual basis for more than 245 countries. FAO obtains data from the UNSD, Eurostat, and other national authorities as needed. These data are checked for outliers and data on food aid are added to obtain total cross-border trade flows.\footnote{\href{http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data/TM}{http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data/TM}. The information about the source data on this homepage under ``Metadata'' point ``(17) Statistical process/Source data'' is the following: ``The main source is official country statistics compiled by UNSD and Eurostat. Other sources include: 1.\ INTERFAIS WFP food aid data base: This data source is used to capture the food aid data, which is sometimes excluded from commercial trade records and is thus not always included in UNSD data. 2.\ National web databases, national and international publications to update the trade data for the non-reporting countries which are missing from COMTRADE.''} FAOSTAT's Detailed Trade Matrix reports information on agricultural bilateral trade quantities (in tons) and values (in thousands of US dollars). The data is stated to be last updated on December 19, 2024. The file is from March 3, 2025. The Value of Agricultural Production data from the FAO contains information for at least some years for 261 geographical ``areas'' (which include country groups) and 220 different FCL items. We use gross production values in current United States dollars (the relevant file is ``Value of Agricultural Production''. The data is last updated on February 3, 2025.\footnote{\href{https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data/QV}{https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data/QV}.} The original FAO data are classified according to the FAOSTAT Commodity List (FCL) which includes more than 600 items.\footnote{\href{http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-standards/commodity/en/}{http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-standards/commodity/en/}.} %Importantly, this classification can be matched to the Harmonized System Codes (HS Code) using concordance tables provided by the FAO. We checked and compared the CPC and FAO codes. These are the two classifications for the items provided in FAOstat. Both contain the same values for trade. In the bulk download, both are contained (itemcode=FAO, itemcodecpc=CPC). Both have 559 distinct values for the international trade data. As we provide a database containing agriculture, mining, energy, manufacturing, and services, we have to carefully avoid double counting. For example, some of the FAO FCL items contain mining and manufacturing products, so we do not include these FCL items in ITPD's agriculture industries. Specifically, we classify all industries between 1500 and 1601 of ISIC rev.\ 3 as manufacturing industries. Using the FCL to HS and HS to ISIC rev.\ 3 correspondence tables, we identify the FCL items that are part of the manufacturing data.\footnote{These are FCL items 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 72, 76, 80, 82, 84, 86, 90, 95, 98, 104, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 126, 127, 129, 150, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 175, 212, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 278, 281, 282, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 306, 307, 313, 314, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337, 338, 340, 341, 343, 390, 391, 392, 447, 448, 450, 451, 466, 469, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 491, 492, 496, 498, 499, 509, 510, 513, 514, 517, 518, 519, 538, 539, 562, 563, 564, 565, 575, 576, 580, 583, 584, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 631, 632, 633, 634, 657, 658, 659, 660, 662, 664, 665, 666, 672, 737, 753, 768, 770, 773, 774, 828, 829, 831, 840, 841, 842, 843, 845, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 867, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 877, 878, 882, 883, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 903, 904, 905, 907, 908, 909, 910, 916, 917, 919, 920, 921, 922, 927, 928, 929, 930, 947, 949, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 957, 958, 959, 977, 979, 982, 983, 984, 985, 988, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1008, 1010, 1017, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1069, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1080, 1081, 1089, 1097, 1098, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1108, 1109, 1111, 1112, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1141, 1151, 1158, 1160, 1163, 1164, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1186, 1187, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1225, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, and 1296.} Note that these FCL items typically do not have matching production data in the FAO's database. Some FCL items could not be uniquely matched to broad sectors. In these cases, we allocated FCL items according the number of constituent HS lines.\footnote{This leads in dropping of industries with FCL items 653, 868, 948, 978, 1018, 1036, 1232, and 1259. We kept the following FCL items in agriculture: 667, 777, 780, 782, 826, 987, 1009, and 1293.} We also dropped industries we could not match to any ISIC or HS code\footnote{Specifically, we could not match FCL items 10, 30, 464, 944, 972, 1012, 1032, 1055, 1070, 1077, 1084, 1087, 1094, 1120, 1122, 1124, 1137, 1144, 1154, 1159, and 1161.} and industries with FCL item codes above 1296, which are aggregates and industries such as fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery, belonging to one of the other broad sectors. Table \ref{tab:ITPD-E_class_ag} includes the correspondence between ITPD-E agricultural industries and FCL items. \item In this release, we considered switching from FAO to COMTRADE as the official source for international trade data for agriculture, but decided against it. In order to construct domestic sales using the COMTRADE international trade data and value of agricultural output from FAO, we had to aggregate the international trade and the output data first to the ITPD-E level. This lead to substantially more negative domestic sales observation compared to our current procedure. Hence, we continue to use the output and international trade data provided by the FAO for agriculture. Note, that the correlation of the international trade data from FAO and COMTRADE is very high (0.99), as the main source of the FAO data is the COMTRADE data. \item \emph{Forestry and Fishing.} Even though they are part of the broad sector \emph{`Agriculture'}, the data sources for these two industries are different from the data sources for the rest of industries in \emph{`Agriculture'}. Since FAOSTAT, which is the main data source for \emph{`Agriculture'}, does not cover `Forestry' and `Fishing', we had to look for other sources of data. Specifically, international trade data for `Forestry' and `Fishing' come from the United Nations' Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE),\footnote{As noted below, we rely on COMTRADE for international trade data in \emph{`Mining \& Energy'} and \emph{`Manufacturing'} too. A description of COMTRADE can be found at \href{https://comtrade.un.org}{https://comtrade.un.org}.} while production data come from the UN National Accounts database (UNSNA); specifically, the SNA's ``\mbox{Table 2.6} Output, gross value added and fixed assets by industries at current prices (ISIC Rev.4).''\footnote{\href{http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNA\&f=group\_code\%3a206}{http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNA\&f=group\_code\%3a206}.} `Forestry' corresponds to industry code A02, ``Forestry and Logging'', in ISIC revisions 3 and 4. `Fishing' corresponds to industry code A03, ``Fishing and Aquaculture'', in ISIC revision 4 and industry code B05 in ISIC revision 3. Availability of trade data predetermined the first year of coverage for the `Forestry' and `Fishing' industries as 1988. \item \emph{Mining \& Energy.} International trade data for the \emph{`Mining \& Energy'} sector come from COMTRADE, and were obtained at the HS6 level. Availability of trade data determined 1988 as the first year of coverage for \emph{`Mining \& Energy'}. Production data for \emph{`Mining \& Energy'} come from the United Nations Industrial Statistics (INDSTAT) database and, to take full advantage of UN data and ensure maximum coverage in ITPD-E-R2025, we use the ISIC rev.\ 3 and ISIC rev.\ 4 versions of INDSTAT. The INDSTAT data was downloaded from \href{http://stat.unido.org}{http://stat.unido.org} on August 6, 2025. According to the UN web site, the ISIC rev.\ 4 data has been updated on May 8, 2025, and the ISIC rev.\ 3 data has been updated on June 25, 2025. The raw ISIC rev.\ 3 data covers the years 1963-2023 and the ISIC rev.\ 4 data covers the years 1973-2022. A list of the ITPD-E mining and energy industries, together with the concordance that we created between ISIC rev.\ 3, ISIC rev.\ 4, and ITPD-E-R2025 appear in Table \ref{tab:ITPD-E_class_mining}. \item \emph{Manufacturing.} International trade flows data come from COMTRADE, and were obtained at the HS6 level. Availability of trade data determined 1988 as the first year of coverage for \emph{`Manufacturing'}. The source for manufacturing production data is the United Nations Industrial Statistics (INDSTAT) database, and the data come in two versions -- ISIC rev.\ 3 and ISIC rev.\ 4.\footnote{As noted earlier, the INDSTAT data was downloaded from \href{http://stat.unido.org}{http://stat.unido.org} on August 6, 2025. According to the UN web site, the ISIC rev.\ 4 data has been updated on May 8, 2025, and the ISIC rev.\ 3 data has been updated on June 25, 2025. The raw ISIC rev.\ 3 data covers the years 1963-2023 and the ISIC rev.\ 4 data covers the years 1973-2022.} To ensure maximum coverage, we construct the manufacturing production data in two steps. First, for each revision of ISIC, we combine the output data at the 3-digit level with the data at the 4-digit level. Then, we combine the data from the two ISIC revisions by aggregating the 4-digit ISIC classifications up in order to ensure matching. The concordance that we created appears in Table \ref{tab:ITPD-E_class_manuf}. \item \emph{Services.} For international trade data, we augment the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC Annual Trade in Services dataset\footnote{\href{http://stats.wto.org/assets/UserGuide/services\_annual\_dataset.zip}{http://stats.wto.org/assets/UserGuide/services\_annual\_dataset.zip}. File downloaded on July 27, 2025.} with services trade statistics from the UN Trade in Services (UN-TSD) Database as incorporated into COMTRADE.\footnote{\href{https://comtrade.un.org/data/}{https://comtrade.un.org/data/}.} As before, the reasons are twofold: first, to achieve comprehensive coverage of ITPD-E from the year 2000 onwards, since the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC dataset, as the main data source, only commences in 2005; and second, to supplement bilateral trade flow observation in overlapping years that are missing in the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC dataset. Due to new trade flow and gross output data, the services part of the R2025 update exhibits nearly complete coverage of the recent years.\footnote{Information for years prior to 2000, potentially reaching back to 1981, is now included in the latest vintage of the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC dataset. However, these flows are not bilateral. Therefore, we disregard these flows for the ITPD-E.} About half of the data in WTO-UNCTAD-ITC are reported zeros, i.e.,\ zero trade flows are being captured systematically, and `true' reported zero flows are identifiable in the data through a flag. At the same time, the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC dataset no longer contains information on the sources of the statistical information. By comparison, in the R01 release, the overwhelming majority of data had come from Eurostat (69\%) and some 17\% from the OECD. The data contain both reported import flows and reported export flows, which opens up the possibility of an improved mirroring protocol. For both export and import flows, there is annual trade broken out by sector and partner starting in the year 2005. Data prior to 2005 is not broken out by partner. Since we discard the non-bilateral data, we expect that, as in the R01 and R02 releases, augmentation of the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC services trade data with the UN Trade in Services dataset will bring considerable benefits in terms of coverage and completeness for the period 2000-2010. We obtain information on gross output at basic prices from the UN SNA dataset, namely ``\mbox{Table 2.6} Output, gross value added and fixed assets by industries at current prices (ISIC Rev.4).''\footnote{\href{http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNA\&f=group\_code\%3a206}{http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNA\&f=group\_code\%3a206}. Downloaded on August 20, 2025.} A raw data problem has been identified with regard to domestic trade flows in Belarus (BLR), which initially appeared to be implausibly large prior to 2015. Upon investigation, we found that the Belarusian currency is subject to two different currency re-denomination (1:1000 prior to 2015 and 1:10000 from 2016 onwards). Since output figures in local currency (LCU) shrink by four decimals as of 2016, it appears as if the re-denomination has not been applied in earlier years (although presumably it should have) but has been applied as indicated commencing in 2016. The IMF exchange rate series for Belarus is smooth around 2015-16 and does not exhibit a jump by a factor of 10. In order to ensure consistency of the value of trade flows in R2025, as in R03, output data for Belarus have been discarded. \end{itemize} \noindent For a more detailed background on the data sources and their specific usage for the construction of ITPD-E-R2025, we refer the reader to \cite{Borchertetal2021}. \section{\label{sec_comparison} A comparison of ITPD-E Release 2025 and Release 3} This section compares the latest ITPD-E release, Release 2025, with the previous one, Release 3. Tables \ref{tab:compare_totals}-\ref{tab:compare_by_industry} summarize the differences between the two releases across different dimensions. All three tables reflect the entirety of trade flows contained in each release, i.e.,\ domestic and international trade.\footnote{Exceptions are industries IDs 154, 155, 161, 167 and 168, which are services industries with no domestic production equivalent. Hence, entries for these five industries reflect international trade only.} Table \ref{tab:compare_totals} compares the total number of observations in the two releases. As expected, Release 2025 has more observations, about 87.5 million, compared to 83.5 million in Release 3 (72.5 million in Release 2, and 38.5 million in Release 1). Most of the additional observations in R2025 come from the additional year covered by the latest release, however, a significant number of observations were added in 2022 as well. A smaller number of observations, about 436 thousand, was present in Release 3 but is no longer in Release 2025. These observations likely disappeared because they were reclassified to a different country, industry, or year in the original administrative data sources. Table \ref{tab:compare_by_year} compares the number of observations across Releases 2025 and 3 \emph{by year}. It is apparent that most of the additional observations in Release 2025 arise from additional years now covered by Release 2025 relative to Release 3. In 1986 and 1987, only Agriculture industries 1-26 are covered, hence the low number of observations. Starting in 1988, all goods industries are covered. The number of observations increases between 1988 and mid-1990s as more and more countries report more data to the UN. The number of observations increases again in the year 2000 as services data become available. In that regard, one of the reasons why the value of reported trade exhibits a very substantial jump between 1999 and 2000---from 16.3 to 43.3 trillion---is that domestic trade in services is much larger than domestic trade in goods. We also note the increase (more than doubling) in value between the two releases in 2022. Comparing the number of observations in the years that are covered in both Releases 3 and 2025 (i.e.,\ 2000-2022), we see that Release 2025 has more observations per year. This is due to improved data coverage in the original data sources that we use. %{\color{red} Discuss higher trade values in forestry/fishing, mining/energy, and manufacturing here} Table \ref{tab:compare_by_industry} compares the number of observations across Releases 3 and 2025 \emph{by industry}. The number of observations for each industry is greater in Release 2025. We also not the increase in the values in the new release. A possible explanation for Forestry, Fishing, Mining and Energy, and Manufacturing is the new mirroring procedure, which is at HS6 level. The largest industries by value tend to be concentrated in the Services sector, which reflects the fact that a substantial share of domestic value added typically is in services industries (up to 70-80\% in advanced economies), combined with the fact that table entries include domestic trade flows. Outside services, the largest industries by value are 'Motor vehicles' (138) and 'Extraction of petroleum and gas' (31) and 'Refined petroleum products' (80), respectively. \section{Conclusions} With an additional year (2023), more data for earlier years, and more countries, Release 2025 of ITPD-E offers more observations for domestic and international trade compared to the previous release (87.5 million vs. 83.5 in Release 3, or an increase of 5\%). It features global coverage and an unprecedented level of sectoral disaggregation, including domestic and international trade and covering all economic activity. We hope that ITPD-E R2025 will prove a useful resource for a wide range of econometric and policy analyses. \clearpage \bibliographystyle{aea} \bibliography{references} \clearpage \clearpage {\tiny\singlespacing \begin{longtable}{rll} \caption{ \label{ITPD-E_sectors} ITPD-E-R2025: Industry Coverage}\\ \hline\hline ID & Industry Description & Broad Sector \\\hline \endfirsthead \hline ID & Industry Description & Broad Sector \\\hline \endhead \hline \multicolumn{3}{r}{{Continued on next page}}\\ \endfoot \endlastfoot 1 & Wheat & Agriculture \\ 2 & Rice (raw) & Agriculture \\ 3 & Corn & Agriculture \\ 4 & Other cereals & Agriculture \\ 5 & Cereal products & Agriculture \\ 6 & Soybeans & Agriculture \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (excluding peanuts) & Agriculture \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients and pet foods & Agriculture \\ 9 & Raw and refined sugar and sugar crops & Agriculture \\ 10 & Other sweeteners & Agriculture \\ 11 & Pulses and legumes, dried, preserved & Agriculture \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & Agriculture \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & Agriculture \\ 14 & Prepared fruits and fruit juices & Agriculture \\ 15 & Prepared vegetables & Agriculture \\ 16 & Nuts & Agriculture \\ 17 & Live Cattle & Agriculture \\ 18 & Live Swine & Agriculture \\ 19 & Eggs & Agriculture \\ 20 & Other meats, livestock products, and live animals & Agriculture \\ 21 & Cocoa and cocoa products & Agriculture \\ 22 & Beverages, nec & Agriculture \\ 23 & Cotton & Agriculture \\ 24 & Tobacco leaves and cigarettes & Agriculture \\ 25 & Spices & Agriculture \\ 26 & Other agricultural products, nec & Agriculture \\ 27 & Forestry & Agriculture \\ 28 & Fishing & Agriculture \\ 29 & Mining of hard coal & Mining and Energy \\ 30 & Mining of lignite & Mining and Energy \\ 31 & Extraction crude petroleum and natural gas & Mining and Energy \\ 32 & Mining of iron ores & Mining and Energy \\ 33 & Other mining and quarring & Mining and Energy \\ 34 & Electricity production, collection, and distribution & Mining and Energy \\ 35 & Gas production and distribution & Mining and Energy \\ 36 & Processing/preserving of meat & Manufacturing \\ 37 & Processing/preserving of fish & Manufacturing \\ 38 & Processing/preserving of fruit \& vegetables & Manufacturing \\ 39 & Vegetable and animal oils and fats & Manufacturing \\ 40 & Dairy products & Manufacturing \\ 41 & Grain mill products & Manufacturing \\ 42 & Starches and starch products & Manufacturing \\ 43 & Prepared animal feeds & Manufacturing \\ 44 & Bakery products & Manufacturing \\ 45 & Sugar & Manufacturing \\ 46 & Cocoa chocolate and sugar confectionery & Manufacturing \\ 47 & Macaroni noodles \& similar products & Manufacturing \\ 48 & Other food products n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 49 & Distilling rectifying \& blending of spirits & Manufacturing \\ 50 & Wines & Manufacturing \\ 51 & Malt liquors and malt & Manufacturing \\ 52 & Soft drinks; mineral waters & Manufacturing \\ 53 & Tobacco products & Manufacturing \\ 54 & Textile fibre preparation; textile weaving & Manufacturing \\ 55 & Made-up textile articles except apparel & Manufacturing \\ 56 & Carpets and rugs & Manufacturing \\ 57 & Cordage rope twine and netting & Manufacturing \\ 58 & Other textiles n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 59 & Knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles & Manufacturing \\ 60 & Wearing apparel except fur apparel & Manufacturing \\ 61 & Dressing \& dyeing of fur; processing of fur & Manufacturing \\ 62 & Tanning and dressing of leather & Manufacturing \\ 63 & Luggage handbags etc.; saddlery \& harness & Manufacturing \\ 64 & Footwear & Manufacturing \\ 65 & Sawmilling and planing of wood & Manufacturing \\ 66 & Veneer sheets plywood particle board etc. & Manufacturing \\ 67 & Builders' carpentry and joinery & Manufacturing \\ 68 & Wooden containers & Manufacturing \\ 69 & Other wood products; articles of cork/straw & Manufacturing \\ 70 & Pulp paper and paperboard & Manufacturing \\ 71 & Corrugated paper and paperboard & Manufacturing \\ 72 & Other articles of paper and paperboard & Manufacturing \\ 73 & Publishing of books and other publications & Manufacturing \\ 74 & Publishing of newspapers journals etc. & Manufacturing \\ 75 & Publishing of recorded media & Manufacturing \\ 76 & Other publishing & Manufacturing \\ 77 & Printing & Manufacturing \\ 78 & Service activities related to printing & Manufacturing \\ 79 & Coke oven products & Manufacturing \\ 80 & Refined petroleum products & Manufacturing \\ 81 & Processing of nuclear fuel & Manufacturing \\ 82 & Basic chemicals except fertilizers & Manufacturing \\ 83 & Fertilizers and nitrogen compounds & Manufacturing \\ 84 & Plastics in primary forms; synthetic rubber & Manufacturing \\ 85 & Pesticides and other agro-chemical products & Manufacturing \\ 86 & Paints varnishes printing ink and mastics & Manufacturing \\ 87 & Pharmaceuticals medicinal chemicals etc. & Manufacturing \\ 88 & Soap cleaning \& cosmetic preparations & Manufacturing \\ 89 & Other chemical products n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 90 & Man-made fibres & Manufacturing \\ 91 & Rubber tyres and tubes & Manufacturing \\ 92 & Other rubber products & Manufacturing \\ 93 & Plastic products & Manufacturing \\ 94 & Glass and glass products & Manufacturing \\ 95 & Pottery china and earthenware & Manufacturing \\ 96 & Refractory ceramic products & Manufacturing \\ 97 & Struct.non-refractory clay; ceramic products & Manufacturing \\ 98 & Cement lime and plaster & Manufacturing \\ 99 & Articles of concrete cement and plaster & Manufacturing \\ 100 & Cutting shaping \& finishing of stone & Manufacturing \\ 101 & Other non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 102 & Basic iron and steel & Manufacturing \\ 103 & Basic precious and non-ferrous metals & Manufacturing \\ 104 & Structural metal products & Manufacturing \\ 105 & Tanks reservoirs and containers of metal & Manufacturing \\ 106 & Steam generators & Manufacturing \\ 107 & Cutlery hand tools and general hardware & Manufacturing \\ 108 & Other fabricated metal products n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 109 & Engines \& turbines (not for transport equipment) & Manufacturing \\ 110 & Pumps compressors taps and valves & Manufacturing \\ 111 & Bearings gears gearing \& driving elements & Manufacturing \\ 112 & Ovens furnaces and furnace burners & Manufacturing \\ 113 & Lifting and handling equipment & Manufacturing \\ 114 & Other general purpose machinery & Manufacturing \\ 115 & Agricultural and forestry machinery & Manufacturing \\ 116 & Machine tools & Manufacturing \\ 117 & Machinery for metallurgy & Manufacturing \\ 118 & Machinery for mining \& construction & Manufacturing \\ 119 & Food/beverage/tobacco processing machinery & Manufacturing \\ 120 & Machinery for textile apparel and leather & Manufacturing \\ 121 & Weapons and ammunition & Manufacturing \\ 122 & Other special purpose machinery & Manufacturing \\ 123 & Domestic appliances n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 124 & Office accounting and computing machinery & Manufacturing \\ 125 & Electric motors generators and transformers & Manufacturing \\ 126 & Electricity distribution \& control apparatus & Manufacturing \\ 127 & Insulated wire and cable & Manufacturing \\ 128 & Accumulators primary cells and batteries & Manufacturing \\ 129 & Lighting equipment and electric lamps & Manufacturing \\ 130 & Other electrical equipment n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 131 & Electronic valves tubes etc. & Manufacturing \\ 132 & TV/radio transmitters; line comm. apparatus & Manufacturing \\ 133 & TV and radio receivers and associated goods & Manufacturing \\ 134 & Medical surgical and orthopaedic equipment & Manufacturing \\ 135 & Measuring/testing/navigating appliances etc. & Manufacturing \\ 136 & Optical instruments \& photographic equipment & Manufacturing \\ 137 & Watches and clocks & Manufacturing \\ 138 & Motor vehicles & Manufacturing \\ 139 & Automobile bodies trailers \& semi-trailers & Manufacturing \\ 140 & Parts/accessories for automobiles & Manufacturing \\ 141 & Building and repairing of ships & Manufacturing \\ 142 & Building/repairing of pleasure/sport. boats & Manufacturing \\ 143 & Railway/tramway locomotives \& rolling stock & Manufacturing \\ 144 & Aircraft and spacecraft & Manufacturing \\ 145 & Motorcycles & Manufacturing \\ 146 & Bicycles and invalid carriages & Manufacturing \\ 147 & Other transport equipment n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 148 & Furniture & Manufacturing \\ 149 & Jewellery and related articles & Manufacturing \\ 150 & Musical instruments & Manufacturing \\ 151 & Sports goods & Manufacturing \\ 152 & Games and toys & Manufacturing \\ 153 & Other manufacturing n.e.c. & Manufacturing \\ 154 & Manufacturing services on physical inputs & Services \\ 155 & Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. & Services \\ 156 & Transport & Services \\ 157 & Travel & Services \\ 158 & Construction & Services \\ 159 & Insurance and pension services & Services \\ 160 & Financial services & Services \\ 161 & Charges for use of intellectual property & Services \\ 162 & Telecom, computer, information services & Services \\ 163 & Other business services & Services \\ 164 & Heritage and recreational services & Services \\ 165 & Health services & Services \\ 166 & Education services & Services \\ 167 & Government goods and services n.i.e. & Services \\ 168 & Services not allocated & Services \\ 169 & Trade-related services & Services \\ 170 & Other personal services & Services \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{p{0.55\linewidth}}{\scriptsize\textbf{Notes}: This table lists the 170 industries in ITPD-E-R2025. Column (1) lists ITPD-E-R2025 ID codes for each of the industries. The corresponding industry descriptions are in Column (2). Column (3) includes the broad sectoral descriptions. See text for further details.}\\ \end{longtable}} \clearpage {\tiny\singlespacing \begin{longtable}{ll} \caption{ \label{ITPD-E_countries} ITPD-E-R2025: Country Coverage}\\ \hline\hline Dynamic Country Code & Country Name \\ \hline \endfirsthead \hline Dynamic Country Code & Country Name \\ \hline \endhead \hline \multicolumn{2}{r}{{Continued on next page}}\\ \endfoot \endlastfoot ABW & Aruba \\ AFG & Afghanistan \\ AGO & Angola \\ AIA & Anguilla \\ ALB & Albania \\ AND & Andorra \\ ANT.X & Netherlands Antilles \\ ARE & United Arab Emirates \\ ARG & Argentina \\ ARM & Armenia \\ ASM & American Samoa \\ ATA & Antarctica \\ ATF & French Southern Territories \\ ATG & Antigua and Barbuda \\ AUS & Australia \\ AUT & Austria \\ AZE & Azerbaijan \\ BDI & Burundi \\ BEL & Belgium \\ BEN & Benin \\ BES & Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba \\ BFA & Burkina Faso \\ BGD & Bangladesh \\ BGR & Bulgaria \\ BHR & Bahrain \\ BHS & Bahamas, The \\ BIH & Bosnia and Herzegovina \\ BLM & Saint Barthelemy \\ BLR & Belarus \\ BLX & Belgium-Luxembourg \\ BLZ & Belize \\ BMU & Bermuda \\ BOL & Bolivia \\ BRA & Brazil \\ BRB & Barbados \\ BRN & Brunei \\ BTN & Bhutan \\ BUR & Burma \\ BVT & Bouvet Island \\ BWA & Botswana \\ CAF & Central African Republic \\ CAN & Canada \\ CCK & Cocos (Keeling) Islands \\ CHE & Switzerland \\ CHL & Chile \\ CHN & China \\ CIV & Cote d'Ivoire \\ CMR & Cameroon \\ COD & Congo, Democratic Republic of the \\ COG & Congo, Republic of the \\ COK & Cook Islands \\ COL & Colombia \\ COM & Comoros \\ CPV & Cape Verde \\ CRI & Costa Rica \\ CSK & Czechoslovakia \\ CUB & Cuba \\ CUW & Curacao \\ CXR & Christmas Island \\ CYM & Cayman Islands \\ CYP & Cyprus \\ CZE & Czech Republic \\ DDR & German Democratic Republic \\ DEU & Germany \\ DEU.X & West Germany \\ DJI & Djibouti \\ DMA & Dominica \\ DNK & Denmark \\ DOM & Dominican Republic \\ DZA & Algeria \\ ECU & Ecuador \\ EGY & Egypt, Arab Rep. \\ ERI & Eritrea \\ ESH & Western Sahara \\ ESP & Spain \\ EST & Estonia \\ ETF & Ethiopia (includes Eritrea) \\ ETH & Ethiopia (excludes Eritrea) \\ FIN & Finland \\ FJI & Fiji \\ FLK & Falkland Islands \\ FRA & France \\ FRE & Free Zones \\ FRO & Faeroe Islands \\ FSM & Micronesia, Federated States of \\ GAB & Gabon \\ GBR & United Kingdom \\ GEO & Georgia \\ GGY & Guernsey \\ GHA & Ghana \\ GIB & Gibraltar \\ GIN & Guinea \\ GLP & Guadeloupe \\ GMB & Gambia, The \\ GNB & Guinea-Bissau \\ GNQ & Equatorial Guinea \\ GRC & Greece \\ GRD & Grenada \\ GRL & Greenland \\ GTM & Guatemala \\ GUF & French Guiana \\ GUM & Guam \\ GUY & Guyana \\ HKG & Hong Kong \\ HMD & Heard Island and McDonald Islands \\ HND & Honduras \\ HRV & Croatia \\ HTI & Haiti \\ HUN & Hungary \\ IDN & Indonesia \\ IMN & Isle of Man \\ IND & India \\ IOT & British Indian Ocean Ter. \\ IRL & Ireland \\ IRN & Iran \\ IRQ & Iraq \\ ISL & Iceland \\ ISR & Israel \\ ITA & Italy \\ JAM & Jamaica \\ JEY & Jersey \\ JOR & Jordan \\ JPN & Japan \\ KAZ & Kazakhstan \\ KEN & Kenya \\ KGZ & Kyrgyzstan \\ KHM & Cambodia \\ KHM & Kampuchea \\ KIR.X & Kiribati \\ KNA & Saint Kitts and Nevis \\ KOR & Korea, South \\ KWT & Kuwait \\ LAO & Laos \\ LBN & Lebanon \\ LBR & Liberia \\ LBY & Libya \\ LCA & Saint Lucia \\ LIE & Liechtenstein \\ LKA & Sri Lanka \\ LSO & Lesotho \\ LTU & Lithuania \\ LUX & Luxembourg \\ LVA & Latvia \\ MAC & Macao \\ MAR & Morocco \\ MCO & Monaco \\ MDA & Moldova \\ MDG & Madagascar \\ MDV & Maldives \\ MEX & Mexico \\ MHL & Marshall Islands \\ MKD & Macedonia \\ MLI & Mali \\ MLT & Malta \\ MMR & Myanmar \\ MNE & Montenegro \\ MNG & Mongolia \\ MNP & Northern Marianas \\ MOZ & Mozambique \\ MRT & Mauritania \\ MSR & Montserrat \\ MTQ & Martinique \\ MUS & Mauritius \\ MWI & Malawi \\ MYS.Y & Malaysia \\ MYT & Mayotte \\ NAM & Namibia \\ NCL & New Caledonia \\ NER & Niger \\ NFK & Norfolk Island \\ NGA & Nigeria \\ NIC & Nicaragua \\ NIU & Niue \\ NLD & Netherlands \\ NOR & Norway \\ NPL & Nepal \\ NRU & Nauru \\ NTZ & Neutral Zone \\ NZL & New Zealand \\ OMN & Oman \\ PAK.X & Pakistan \\ PAN.X & Panama \\ PCN & Pitcairn \\ PER & Peru \\ PHL & Philippines \\ PLW & Palau \\ PNG & Papua New Guinea \\ POL & Poland \\ PRI & Puerto Rico \\ PRK & Korea, North \\ PRT & Portugal \\ PRY & Paraguay \\ PSE & Palestine \\ PYF & French Polynesia \\ QAT & Qatar \\ REU & Reunion \\ ROM & Romania \\ ROU & Romania \\ RUS & Russia \\ RWA & Rwanda \\ SAU & Saudi Arabia \\ SAU.X & Saudi Arabia \\ SCG & Serbia and Montenegro \\ SDN & Sudan \\ SDN.X & Sudan \\ SEN & Senegal \\ SGP & Singapore \\ SGS & South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands \\ SHN & Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha \\ SLB & Solomon Islands \\ SLE & Sierra Leone \\ SLV & El Salvador \\ SMR & San Marino \\ SOM & Somalia \\ SPM & Saint Pierre and Miquelon \\ SRB & Serbia \\ SRB.X & Serbia \\ SSD & South Sudan \\ STP & Sao Tome and Principe \\ SUR & Suriname \\ SVK & Slovakia \\ SVN & Slovenia \\ SVU & Soviet Union \\ SWE & Sweden \\ SWZ & Swaziland \\ SXM & Sint Maarten \\ SYC & Seychelles \\ SYR & Syria \\ TCA & Turks and Caicos Islands \\ TCD & Chad \\ TGO & Togo \\ THA & Thailand \\ TJK & Tajikistan \\ TKL & Tokelau \\ TKM & Turkmenistan \\ TLS & East Timor \\ TON & Tonga \\ TTO & Trinidad and Tobago \\ TUN & Tunisia \\ TUR & Turkey \\ TUV & Tuvalu \\ TWN & Taiwan \\ TZA & Tanzania \\ UGA & Uganda \\ UKR & Ukraine \\ UMI & U.S. Minor Outlying Islands \\ URY & Uruguay \\ USA & United States \\ UZB & Uzbekistan \\ VAT & Holy See \\ VCT & Saint Vincent and the Grenadines \\ VEN & Venezuela \\ VGB & British Virgin Islands \\ VIR & U.S. Virgin Islands \\ VNM.X & Vietnam \\ VUT & Vanuatu \\ WLF & Wallis and Futuna Islands \\ WSM & Samoa \\ WSM & Western Samoa \\ YEM.X & Yemen \\ YEM & Yemen, North \\ YMD & Yemen, South \\ YUG & Yugoslavia \\ ZAF & South Africa \\ ZAF.X & South Africa \\ ZAR & Zaire \\ ZMB & Zambia \\ ZWE & Zimbabwe \\ \hline\hline \multicolumn{2}{p{0.55\linewidth}}{\scriptsize\textbf{Notes}: This table lists the 266 countries/regions covered in ITPD-E-R2025 (in Column 2), and their corresponding Dynamic Country Codes (in Column 1). Two countries in the table (Cambodia and Samoa) have changed their names between 1986 and 2019 while keeping the same Dynamic Country Code. They therefore appear twice in the list. Romania changed the country code from ROM to ROU in 2002. Hence, it appears with two country codes in the list. See text for further details.}\\ \end{longtable}} \clearpage \begin{table}[tbp]\centering \caption{\label{tab:file_columns}Variables in ITPD-E-R2025 -- Data File Columns} \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline Column name & Column description \\ \hline exporter\_iso3\_dynamic & Dynamic alpha code of the exporter based on DGD\\ importer\_iso3\_dynamic & Dynamic alpha code of the importer based on DGD\\ exporter\_iso3 & ISO 3-letter alpha code of the exporter\\ importer\_iso3 & ISO 3-letter alpha code of the importer \\ exporter\_name & Name of the exporter \\ importer\_name & Name of the importer \\ year & Year \\ industry\_id & ITPD industry code \\ industry\_descr & ITPD industry description \\ broad\_sector & Broad sector description\\ trade & Trade flows in million of current US dollars\\ flag\_mirror & Flag indicator, >1 if trade mirror value is used \\ flag\_zero & Flag indicator: \\ & `p' if positive trade \\ & `r' if the raw data contained zero \\ & `u' missing (unknown, assigned zero) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table} \clearpage \begin{table}[!htbp] \centering \caption{Data Sources} \begin{tabular}{lll} \toprule Broad sector & International trade & Production \\ \midrule Agriculture & \href{http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E}{FAOSTAT} & \href{http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/\#data}{FAOSTAT} \\ (industries 1-26) & Detailed Trade Matrix & Value of Agricultural Production\\ & & \\ Agriculture & \href{http://comtrade.un.org}{COMTRADE} & \href{http://data.un.org/Explorer.aspx?d=SNA}{UN National Accounts Statistics}\\ (Forestry, Fishing) & (United Nations International & \\ & Trade Statistics Database) & \\ & & \\ Mining and energy & \href{http://comtrade.un.org}{COMTRADE} & \href{http://www.world-mining-data.info/}{MINSTAT} \\ & & (Mining and Utilities Statistics \\ & & Database) from UNIDO \\ & & (United Nations Industrial \\ & & Development Organization) \\ & & \\ Manufacturing & \href{http://comtrade.un.org}{COMTRADE} & \href{http://stat.unido.org}{INDSTAT} \\ & & (Industrial Statistics Database) \\ & & from UNIDO \\ & & \\ Services & \href{https://www.wto.org/english/res\_e/statis\_e/trade\_datasets\_e.htm}{WTO-UNCTAD-ITC} Annual & \href{http://data.un.org/Explorer.aspx?d=SNA}{UN National Accounts Statistics} \\ & Trade in Services Database & \\ & \href{https://comtrade.un.org/data}{UN TSD} (Trade in Services & \\ & Database) via COMTRADE & \\ \bottomrule \multicolumn{3}{p{0.95\linewidth}}{\footnotesize\textbf{Notes}: This table provides a summary of the various administrative data sources across the four broad sectors in the ITPD-E-R2025. Please see main text for further details.} \end{tabular}% \label{tab:datasources}% \end{table} \clearpage {\tiny\singlespacing \begin{longtable}{c l c l} \caption{\label{tab:ITPD-E_class_ag}USITC Agricultural Classification}\\\hline\hline ITPD-E Code & ITPD-E Description & FCL Item Code & FCL Title \\ \hline \endfirsthead \hline ITPD-E Code & ITPD-E Description & FCL Item Code & FCL Title \\ \hline \endhead \hline \multicolumn{4}{r}{{Continued on next page}}\\ \endfoot \endlastfoot 1 & Wheat & 15 & Wheat \\ 2 & Rice (raw) & 27 & Rice, paddy \\ 3 & Corn & 56 & Maize \\ 4 & Other cereals & 44 & Barley \\ 4 & Other cereals & 71 & Rye \\ 4 & Other cereals & 75 & Oats \\ 4 & Other cereals & 79 & Millet \\ 4 & Other cereals & 83 & Sorghum \\ 4 & Other cereals & 89 & Buckwheat \\ 4 & Other cereals & 92 & Quinoa \\ 4 & Other cereals & 94 & Fonio \\ 4 & Other cereals & 97 & Triticale \\ 4 & Other cereals & 101 & Canary seed \\ 4 & Other cereals & 103 & Mixed grain \\ 4 & Other cereals & 108 & Cereals, nes \\ 5 & Cereal products & 17 & Bran of Wheat \\ 5 & Cereal products & 59 & Bran of Maize \\ 5 & Cereal products & 81 & Bran of Millet \\ 5 & Cereal products & 85 & Bran of Sorghum \\ 5 & Cereal products & 91 & Bran of Buckwheat \\ 5 & Cereal products & 96 & Bran of Fonio \\ 6 & Soybeans & 236 & Soybeans \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 242 & Groundnuts, in shell \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 243 & Groundnuts, Shelled \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 249 & Coconuts \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 250 & Coconuts, Desiccated \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 251 & Copra \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 254 & Oil palm fruit \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 256 & Palm kernels \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 263 & Karite Nuts (Sheanuts) \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 265 & Castor Beans \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 267 & Sunflower seed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 270 & Rapeseed or colza seed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 275 & Tung Nuts \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 280 & Safflower seed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 289 & Sesame seed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 292 & Mustard seed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 296 & Poppy seed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 299 & Melonseed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 310 & Kapok fruit \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 311 & Kapokseed in shell \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 312 & Kapokseed, shelled \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 328 & Seed Cotton \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 329 & Cottonseed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 333 & Linseed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 336 & Hempseed \\ 7 & Other oilseeds (exc.\ peanuts) & 339 & Oilseeds nes \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 169 & Beet Pulp \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 628 & Pulp, Waste of Fruit for Feed \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 630 & Cane Tops \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 635 & Straw \& Husks \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 639 & Grasses nes for forage \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 640 & Clover for forage \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 643 & Legumes for silage \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 646 & Turnips for fodder \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 651 & Forage Products nes \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 652 & Vegetable Products for Feed nes \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 846 & Gluten Feed \& Meal \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 858 & Hay (Clover, Lucerne, etc.) \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 859 & Hay nes \\ 8 & Animal feed ingredients \& pet foods & 862 & Alfalfa Meal \& Pellets \\ 9 & Raw \& refined sugar \& sugar crops & 156 & Sugar cane \\ 9 & Raw \& refined sugar \& sugar crops & 157 & Sugar beet \\ 10 & Other sweeteners & 161 & Sugar crops nes \\ 10 & Other sweeteners & 1182 & Honey \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 176 & Beans, dry \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 181 & Broad beans, dry \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 187 & Peas, dry \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 191 & Chick-peas, dry \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 195 & Cow peas, dry \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 197 & Pigeon peas \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 201 & Lentils, dry \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 203 & Bambara beans \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 205 & Vetches \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 210 & Lupins \\ 11 & Pulses \& legumes(dried, preserved) & 211 & Pulses nes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 486 & Bananas \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 489 & Plantains \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 490 & Oranges \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 495 & Tangerines, mandarins, clementines, satsumas \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 497 & Lemons \& limes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 507 & Grapefruit \& pomelo \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 512 & Citrus fruit nes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 515 & Apples \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 521 & Pears \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 523 & Quinces \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 526 & Apricots \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 530 & Sour cherries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 531 & Cherries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 534 & Peaches \& nectarines \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 536 & Plums \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 541 & Stone fruit, fresh nes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 542 & Pome fruit nes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 544 & Strawberries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 547 & Raspberries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 549 & Gooseberries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 550 & Currants \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 552 & Blueberries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 554 & Cranberries \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 558 & Berries nes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 560 & Grapes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 561 & Raisins \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 567 & Watermelons \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 568 & Melons, Cantaloupes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 569 & Figs \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 571 & Mangoes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 572 & Avocados \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 574 & Pineapples \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 577 & Dates \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 587 & Persimmons \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 591 & Cashewapple \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 592 & Kiwi fruit \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 600 & Papayas \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 603 & Fruit, tropical (fresh) nes \\ 12 & Fresh fruit & 619 & Fruit, fresh nes \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 116 & Potatoes \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 122 & Sweet potatoes \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 125 & Cassava \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 135 & Yautia (Cocoyam) \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 136 & Taro (Cocoyam) \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 137 & Yams \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 149 & Roots \& tubers nes \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 260 & Olives \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 358 & Cabbages \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 366 & Artichokes \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 367 & Asparagus \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 372 & Lettuce \& chicory \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 373 & Spinach \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 388 & Tomatoes, fresh \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 393 & Cauliflowers \& broccoli \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 394 & Pumpkins, squash \& gourds \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 397 & Cucumbers \& gherkins \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 399 & Eggplants \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 401 & Chillies \& peppers (green) \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 402 & Onions, shallots (green) \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 403 & Onions, dry \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 406 & Garlic \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 407 & Leeks \& other alliaceous vegetables \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 414 & Beans, green \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 417 & Peas, green \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 420 & Broad Beans, Green \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 423 & String Beans \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 426 & Carrot \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 430 & Okra \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 446 & Green Corn (Maize) \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 449 & Mushrooms \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 459 & Chicory roots \\ 13 & Fresh vegetables & 463 & Vegetables, Fresh n.e.s. \\ 14 & Prepared fruits, fruit juices & 527 & Apricots, Dried \\ 14 & Prepared fruits, fruit juices & 537 & Plums, dried \\ 14 & Prepared fruits, fruit juices & 570 & Figs, Dried \\ 14 & Prepared fruits, fruit juices & 620 & Fruit, dried nes \\ 15 & Prepared vegetables & 120 & Potato Offals \\ 15 & Prepared vegetables & 128 & Cassava, Dried \\ 16 & Nuts & 216 & Brazil nuts \\ 16 & Nuts & 217 & Cashew nuts \\ 16 & Nuts & 220 & Chestnuts \\ 16 & Nuts & 221 & Almonds \\ 16 & Nuts & 222 & Walnuts \\ 16 & Nuts & 223 & Pistachios \\ 16 & Nuts & 224 & Kolanuts \\ 16 & Nuts & 225 & Hazelnuts (Filberts) \\ 16 & Nuts & 226 & Areca nuts \\ 16 & Nuts & 229 & Brazil Nuts, Shelled \\ 16 & Nuts & 230 & Cashew Nuts, Shelled \\ 16 & Nuts & 231 & Almonds, Shelled \\ 16 & Nuts & 232 & Walnuts, Shelled \\ 16 & Nuts & 233 & Hazelnuts, Shelled \\ 16 & Nuts & 234 & Nuts nes \\ 17 & Live Cattle & 866 & Cattle \\ 17 & Live Cattle & 946 & Buffaloes \\ 18 & Live Swine & 1034 & Pigs \\ 19 & Eggs & 1062 & Hen eggs \\ 19 & Eggs & 1091 & Eggs, exc.\ hen eggs \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 976 & Sheep \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 987 & Wool, Greasy \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1009 & Wool, Hair Waste \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1016 & Goats \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1026 & Skins, Wet-Salted (Goats) \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1031 & Coarse goat hair \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1057 & Chickens \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1068 & Ducks \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1079 & Turkeys \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1083 & Pigeons and other birds \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1096 & Horses \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1107 & Asses \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1110 & Mules \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1126 & Camels \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1134 & Hides, Wet-Salted (Camels) \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1136 & Hides nes, Camels \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1140 & Rabbits \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1150 & Other rodents \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1157 & Other camelids \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1169 & Live animals, non food nes \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1171 & Live animals nes \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1181 & Bees \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1183 & Beeswax \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1185 & Cocoons, reelable \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1216 & Hides nes \\ 20 & Other meats, livest.\ pr.\, live animals & 1218 & Hair, fine \\ 21 & Cocoa and cocoa products & 661 & Cocoa beans \\ 22 & Beverages, nec & 656 & Coffee green \\ 22 & Beverages, nec & 667 & Tea \\ 22 & Beverages, nec & 671 & Mate \\ 23 & Cotton & 767 & Cotton Lint \\ 23 & Cotton & 769 & Cotton Waste \\ 24 & Tobacco leaves \& cigarettes & 826 & Tobacco leaves \\ 25 & Spices & 687 & Pepper \\ 25 & Spices & 689 & Pimento \\ 25 & Spices & 692 & Vanilla \\ 25 & Spices & 693 & Cinnamon (canella) \\ 25 & Spices & 698 & Cloves \\ 25 & Spices & 702 & Nutmeg, mace, cardamoms \\ 25 & Spices & 711 & Anise, badian, fennel \\ 25 & Spices & 720 & Ginger \\ 25 & Spices & 723 & Spices nes \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 460 & Vegetable products, fresh or dry nes \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 461 & Carobs \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 654 & Dregs from brewing, distillation \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 677 & Hops \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 748 & Peppermint, Spearmint \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 754 & Pyrethrum, dried flowers \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 755 & Pyrethrum Extract \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 771 & Flax, raw or retted \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 777 & Hemp fibre and tow \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 778 & Kapok fibre \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 780 & Jute \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 782 & Jute-like fibres \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 788 & Ramie \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 789 & Sisal \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 800 & Agave fibres nes \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 809 & Abaca manila hemp \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 813 & Coir \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 821 & Fibre crops nes \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 836 & Natural rubber \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 837 & Rubber, Natural (Dry) \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 839 & Natural gums \\ 26 & Other ag.\ products, nec & 1293 & Crude Organic Materials nes \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{0.85\linewidth}}{\scriptsize\textbf{Notes}: This table presents the concordance that we created between the ITPD-E agriculture classification and the FCL classification.} \end{longtable}} \clearpage \begin{sidewaystable}[htbp]\scriptsize \caption{Mining: ITPD-E-R2025 Classification and Concordances\label{tab:ITPD-E_class_mining}}\centering\medskip \begin{tabular}{clclcl}\hline\hline ITPD-E-R2025 Code & ITPD-E-R2025 Description & ISIC3 & ISIC rev.\ 3 Description & ISIC4 & ISIC rev.\ 4 Description \\\hline 29 & Mining of hard coal & 101 & Mining and agglomeration of hard coal & 51 & Mining of hard coal \\ 30 & Mining of lignite & 102 & Mining and agglomeration of lignite & 52 & Mining of lignite \\ 31 & Extraction crude oil and gas & 111 & Extraction crude oil and gas & 6 & Extraction of crude oil and gas \\ 32 & Mining of iron ores & 131 & Iron ores & 71 & Mining of iron ores \\ 33 & Other mining and quarring & 190 & C-(101+102+111+131) & 90 & B-(051+052+61+62+071) \\ 34 & Electricity prodcn, collcn, and distr. & 401 & Electricity prodcn, collcn, and distr. & 351 & Electric power generation, transmission \\ 35 & Gas production and distribution & 402 & Gas production and distribution & 352 & Manufacture of gas \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{p{0.95\linewidth}}{\scriptsize\textbf{Notes}: This table presents the concordance between the ITPD-E-R2025 mining classification, the ISIC rev.\ 3 and ISIC rev.\ 4 classifications.} \end{tabular} \end{sidewaystable} \clearpage {\tiny\singlespacing \begin{longtable}{c l c c} \caption{ \label{tab:ITPD-E_class_manuf} Manufacturing: ITPD-E-R2025 Classification and Concordances}\\ \hline\hline ITPD-E-R2025 Code & ITPD-E-R2025 Description & ISIC3 & ISIC4 \\\hline \endfirsthead \hline ITPD-E-R2025 Code & ITPD-E-R2025 Description & ISIC3 & ISIC4 \\\hline \endhead \hline \multicolumn{4}{r}{{Continued on next page}}\\ \endfoot \endlastfoot 36 & Processing/preserving of meat & 1511 & 1010 \\ 37 & Processing/preserving of fish & 1512 & 1020 \\ 38 & Processing/preserving of fruit \& vegetables & 1513 & 1030 \\ 39 & Vegetable and animal oils and fats & 1514 & 1040 \\ 40 & Dairy products & 1520 & 1050 \\ 41 & Grain mill products & 1531 & 1061 \\ 42 & Starches and starch products & 1532 & 1062 \\ 43 & Prepared animal feeds & 1533 & 1080 \\ 44 & Bakery products & 1541 & 1071 \\ 45 & Sugar & 1542 & 1072 \\ 46 & Cocoa chocolate and sugar confectionery & 1543 & 1073 \\ 47 & Macaroni noodles \& similar products & 1544 & 1074 \\ 48 & Other food products n.e.c. & 1549 & 1075+1079 \\ 49 & Distilling rectifying \& blending of spirits & 1551 & 1101 \\ 50 & Wines & 1552 & 1102 \\ 51 & Malt liquors and malt & 1553 & 1103 \\ 52 & Soft drinks; mineral waters & 1554 & 1104 \\ 53 & Tobacco products & 1600 & 1200 \\ 54 & Textile fibre preparation; textile weaving & 1711 & 1311+1312 \\ 55 & Made-up textile articles except apparel & 1721 & 1392 \\ 56 & Carpets and rugs & 1722 & 1393 \\ 57 & Cordage rope twine and netting & 1723 & 1394 \\ 58 & Other textiles n.e.c. & 1729 & 1399 \\ 59 & Knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles & 1730 & 1430+1391 \\ 60 & Wearing apparel except fur apparel & 1810 & 1410 \\ 61 & Dressing \& dyeing of fur; processing of fur & 1820 & 1420 \\ 62 & Tanning and dressing of leather & 1911 & 1511 \\ 63 & Luggage handbags etc.; saddlery \& harness & 1912 & 1512 \\ 64 & Footwear & 1920 & 1520 \\ 65 & Sawmilling and planing of wood & 2010 & 1610 \\ 66 & Veneer sheets plywood particle board etc. & 2021 & 1621 \\ 67 & Builders' carpentry and joinery & 2022 & 1622 \\ 68 & Wooden containers & 2023 & 1623 \\ 69 & Other wood products; articles of cork/straw & 2029 & 1629 \\ 70 & Pulp paper and paperboard & 2101 & 1701 \\ 71 & Corrugated paper and paperboard & 2102 & 1702 \\ 72 & Other articles of paper and paperboard & 2109 & 1709 \\ 73 & Publishing of books and other publications & 2211 & \\ 74 & Publishing of newspapers journals etc. & 2212 & \\ 75 & Publishing of recorded media & 2213 & \\ 76 & Other publishing & 2219 & \\ 77 & Printing & 2221 & 1811 \\ 78 & Service activities related to printing & 2222 & 1812 \\ %77 & Reproduction of recorded media & 2230 & 1820 \\ 79 & Coke oven products & 2310 & 1910 \\ 80 & Refined petroleum products & 2320 & 1920 \\ 81 & Processing of nuclear fuel & 2330 & \\ 82 & Basic chemicals except fertilizers & 2411 & 2011 \\ 83 & Fertilizers and nitrogen compounds & 2412 & 2012 \\ 84 & Plastics in primary forms; synthetic rubber & 2413 & 2013 \\ 85 & Pesticides and other agro-chemical products & 2421 & 2021 \\ 86 & Paints varnishes printing ink and mastics & 2422 & 2022 \\ 87 & Pharmaceuticals medicinal chemicals etc. & 2423 & 2100 \\ 88 & Soap cleaning \& cosmetic preparations & 2424 & 2023 \\ 89 & Other chemical products n.e.c. & 2429 & 2029+2680 \\ 90 & Man-made fibers & 2430 & 2030 \\ 91 & Rubber tires and tubes & 2511 & 2211 \\ 92 & Other rubber products & 2519 & 2219 \\ 93 & Plastic products & 2520 & 2220 \\ 94 & Glass and glass products & 2610 & 2310 \\ 95 & Pottery china and earthenware & 2691 & 2393 \\ 96 & Refractory ceramic products & 2692 & 2391 \\ 97 & Struct.non-refractory clay; ceramic products & 2693 & 2392 \\ 98 & Cement lime and plaster & 2694 & 2394 \\ 99 & Articles of concrete cement and plaster & 2695 & 2395 \\ 100 & Cutting shaping \& finishing of stone & 2696 & 2396 \\ 101 & Other non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. & 2699 & 2399 \\ 102 & Basic iron and steel & 2710 & 2410 \\ 103 & Basic precious and non-ferrous metals & 2720 & 2420 \\ %103 & Casting of iron and steel & 2731 & 2431 \\ 104 & Structural metal products & 2811 & 2511 \\ 105 & Tanks reservoirs and containers of metal & 2812 & 2512 \\ 106 & Steam generators & 2813 & 2513 \\ 107 & Cutlery hand tools and general hardware & 2893 & 2593 \\ 108 & Other fabricated metal products n.e.c. & 2899 & 2599 \\ 109 & Engines \& turbines (not for transport equipment) & 2911 & 2811 \\ 110 & Pumps compressors taps and valves & 2912 & 2812+2813 \\ 111 & Bearings gears gearing \& driving elements & 2913 & 2814 \\ 112 & Ovens furnaces and furnace burners & 2914 & 2815 \\ 113 & Lifting and handling equipment & 2915 & 2816 \\ 114 & Other general purpose machinery & 2919 & 2819 \\ 115 & Agricultural and forestry machinery & 2921 & 2821 \\ 116 & Machine tools & 2922 & 2818+2822 \\ 117 & Machinery for metallurgy & 2923 & 2823 \\ 118 & Machinery for mining \& construction & 2924 & 2824 \\ 119 & Food/beverage/tobacco processing machinery & 2925 & 2825 \\ 120 & Machinery for textile apparel and leather & 2926 & 2826 \\ 121 & Weapons and ammunition & 2927 & 2520+3040 \\ 122 & Other special purpose machinery & 2929 & 2829 \\ 123 & Domestic appliances n.e.c. & 2930 & 2750 \\ 124 & Office accounting and computing machinery & 3000 & 2620+2817 \\ 125 & Electric motors generators and transformers & 3110 & 2710 \\ 126 & Electricity distribution \& control apparatus & 3120 & 2733 \\ 127 & Insulated wire and cable & 3130 & 2731+2732 \\ 128 & Accumulators primary cells and batteries & 3140 & 2720 \\ 129 & Lighting equipment and electric lamps & 3150 & 2740 \\ 130 & Other electrical equipment n.e.c. & 3190 & 2790 \\ 131 & Electronic valves tubes etc. & 3210 & 2610 \\ 132 & TV/radio transmitters; line comm. apparatus & 3220 & 2630 \\ 133 & TV and radio receivers and associated goods & 3230 & 2640 \\ 134 & Medical surgical and orthopedic equipment & 3311 & 2660+3250 \\ 135 & Measuring/testing/navigating appliances and equipment & 3312+3313 & 2651 \\ 136 & Optical instruments \& photographic equipment & 3320 & 2670 \\ 137 & Watches and clocks & 3330 & 2652 \\ 138 & Motor vehicles & 3410 & 2910 \\ 139 & Automobile bodies trailers \& semi-trailers & 3420 & 2920 \\ 140 & Parts/accessories for automobiles & 3430 & 2930 \\ 141 & Building and repairing of ships & 3511 & 3011 \\ 142 & Building/repairing of pleasure/sport. boats & 3512 & 3012 \\ 143 & Railway/tramway locomotives \& rolling stock & 3520 & 3020 \\ 144 & Aircraft and spacecraft & 3530 & 3030 \\ 145 & Motorcycles & 3591 & 3091 \\ 146 & Bicycles and invalid carriages & 3592 & 3092 \\ 147 & Other transport equipment n.e.c. & 3599 & 3099 \\ 148 & Furniture & 3610 & 3100 \\ 149 & Jewelery and related articles & 3691 & 3211+3212 \\ 150 & Musical instruments & 3692 & 3220 \\ 151 & Sports goods & 3693 & 3230 \\ 152 & Games and toys & 3694 & 3240 \\ 153 & Other manufacturing n.e.c. & 3699 & 3290 \\ \hline\hline \multicolumn{4}{p{0.75\linewidth}}{\scriptsize\textbf{Notes}: This table presents the concordance between the ITPD-E-R2025 manufacturing classification, the ISIC rev.\ 3 and ISIC rev.\ 4 classifications.} \end{longtable}} \clearpage \begin{sidewaystable}[htbp] \begin{threeparttable} \caption{\label{tab:ITPD-E_class_services} Services: EBOPS--ISIC--ITPD Concordance}\centering\medskip\small \begin{tabular}{lllll}\hline\hline ITPD-E Code & ITPD-E Description & EBOPS 2002 & EBOPS 2010 & ISIC Rev. 4 \\ \hline 154 & Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others & & SA & -- \\ 155 & Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. & & SB & -- \\ 156 & Transport & 205, 246 & SC & H \\ 157 & Travel & 237, 243 & SDA + SDB3 & I \\ 158 & Construction & 249 & SE & F \\ 159 & Insurance and pension services & 253 & SF & K (60\%) \\ 160 & Financial services & 260 & SG & K (40\%) \\ 161 & Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. & 266 & SH & -- \\ 162 & Telecommunications, computer, and information services & 247, 262, 288 & SI + SK1 & J \\ 163 & Other business services & 272, 273 & SJ excl SJ34 & M + N \\ 164 & Heritage and recreational services & -- & SK23\tnote{a} & R \\ 165 & Health services & 241, 896 & SDB1 + SK21 & Q \\ 166 & Education services & 242, 895 & SDB2 + SK22 & P \\ 167 & Government goods and services n.i.e. & 291 & SL & -- \\ 168 & Services not allocated & 982 & SN & -- \\ 169 & Trade-related services & 271 & SJ34 & G \\ 170 & Other personal services & -- & SK24\tnote{a} & S \\ \hline\hline \end{tabular} \begin{tablenotes}{ \item[a] EBOPS codes SK23 and SK24 are new to BPM6 and have no backwards correspondence in BPM5.\\ The concordance in this table differs from \cite[Table 14]{Wettsteinetal2019} in three respects: \item[(1)] ISIC industry L is not concorded to `other business services' (EBOPS SJ); \item[(2)] Rather than aggregating financial services and insurance services, respectively, we keep these two services products separate and split ISIC category K according to a fixed fraction; \item[(3)] We do not include EBOPS SW (trade margins of wholesalers and retailers) as part of SJ34 because this code is not included in the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC annual trade in services dataset.} \end{tablenotes} \end{threeparttable} \end{sidewaystable} \include{tables_compare_R03_R2025} \end{document}